And, just as the living human body has far less comeliness than a beautiful statue, yet manifold practical service, so also the speech which comes directly from the mind, on the spur of the moment, is full of life and action, and keeps pace with the events like a real person, while the written discourse, a mere semblance of the living speech, is devoid of all efficacy. So it was on such pretexts that Alexandros made his excursion to Greece. [13] And the greatest proof is this, that those who write for the lawcourts seek to avoid this pedantic precision, and imitate the style of extempore speakers; and they make the most favorable impression when their speeches least resemble written discourses. Greece and Rome. And, as my speech goes on, you will realize this as you hear the truth of what happened. Aristotle cites these words as an example of proof by induction. (14) I think that for this reason also we must hold written speeches in disfavour, that they involve their composers in inconsistency; for it is inherently impossible to employ written speeches on all occasions. [9] I think, too, that in human life the ability to speak is always a more useful accomplishment, but the writing of speeches is seldom of opportune value. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. Looking into the written word, however, just as in a mirror, one can easily behold the advance of intelligence. Telefon603 616 695 WebIn Bk. WebFour Lucretian emendations. Quintilian 3.1.8 f. lists him among the authors of treatises. [5] Whatsoever things are good and fair are ever rare and difficult to acquire, and are the fruits of painful endeavor; but the attainment of the cheap and trivial is easy. (2) They speak, each of them wanting to get some advantage in selfish glory, and some even charge a fee for consulting with those from whom they think they can get a greater return. 1. For a sense of what may be on the way, consider three possible analogues, or precursors: the browser, the printing press and practice of psychoanalysis. And if, having felt sorry for him, you let him off because of the cleverness of his arguments, an astonishing lack of discipline in the army will ensue. Emailsalemander.wroclaw@gmail.com, Adresul. [29] It may, perhaps, be alleged that it is illogical for one to condemn written discourse who himself employs it in the present written essay, and to disparage a pursuit through the employment of which he is preparing to win fame among the Greeks. Therefore, to successfully change its culture, an organization needs to change, among other things, its tools, processes and control mechanisms. So true it is that devotion to writing leads to utter inability in speaking. Web(4th cent. 0000001327 00000 n 0000004026 00000 n ; Fundamentally, although bounded, cultures can change. Now, since speech-writers seem most convincing when they imitate extemporaneous speakers, should we not especially esteem that kind of training by which we will readily speak this kind of speeches? Webfull gospel fellowship of churches and ministers international alcidamas communicative and cultural change 6. 9. Suda s.v. Michigan Papyrus 2754 and the Certamen - JSTOR 0000024012 00000 n : Alcidamas, from Elea in Asia, philosopher, son of that Diocles who wrote Mousika, student of Gorgias of Leontinoi. But Alexandros, having deceived Menelaus wife and having taken as much as he could from her home, went off and sailed away, respecting neither Zeus, the god of guests, nor any of the gods, having committed lawless and barbarous deeds incredible to everyone, including those in subsequent ages. Creating a sense of urgency is helpful, but can be short-lived. The former, if they get a point from their opponents, or themselves think of one while intently considering the situation, may easily introduce it; since extemporaneous speech is used exclusively, elaboration does not involve them in inconsistency or confusion. [15] It is strange that the man who lays claim to culture, and professes to teach others, if he possess a writing-tablet or manuscript, is then able to reveal his wisdom, but lacking these is no better than the untutored; strange, too, that, if time be given him, he is able to produce a discourse, but, when a proposal is submitted for immediate discussion, he has less voice than the layman, and, although he profess skill in eloquence, he appears to have no ability whatsoever in speaking. Indeed he sent this man to Oinopion in Chios and to Kinyras in Cyprus. 1. Furthermore, the javelin-thrower or the archer who can accurately hit the distant target easily strikes the one near at hand, while the athlete of feeble powers falls short of the remote target. [25] It is otherwise as regards those who contend with prepared discourses in suits, for, if any argument not previously thought of occurs to them, it is a difficult matter to fit it in and make appropriate use of it; for the finished nature of their precise diction does not permit improvised interpolations, so that either the new arguments which fortune gives them cannot be used at all, or, if they are used, the elaborate edifice of their speech falls to pieces and crashes to the ground. Alcidamas is a significant figure in the early development of Greek rhetoric at the beginning of the fourth century B.C. But, where the speech is previously written, there is need to learn and carefully to commit to memory, not merely the main topics, but words and syllables.
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