In another four SRs, 75% to 99% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [21,26,30,37]. SHI | Using School Health Assessments | Healthy Schools | CDC If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Results from this overview suggest that certain interventions can be effective in improving child and adolescent health outcomes, and thus may be worthwhile for integration into school health programs. Table 2 presents the remaining three of the four items of Ballard and Montgomerys checklist for overviews of reviews: (2) levels of confidence in results for each included SR, (3) publication year, and (4) match in scope to the overview. For . In 1995, WHO launched the GlobalSchool Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthenapproaches to health promotion in schools. Table B. In emergencies, school officials can provide information from education records to protect the health or safety of the student or others. For example, a PHR enables you to: Track and assess your health. The other SR examined behavioral interventions in the form of education on tooth brushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste in Brazil, Italy, United Kingdom, and Iran [30]. Two SRs on dental health screening [18] and behavioral interventions for caries prevention [30] found limited evidence of effectiveness. However, it is difficult to formulate an overarching answer about the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents due to the heterogeneity of SRs found and the evident gaps in the SR literature. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212603, Editor: Danuta Wasserman, Karolinska Institutet, SWEDEN, Received: February 5, 2019; Accepted: May 27, 2019; Published: June 12, 2019. The CCA is calculated using three variables: the number of index publications (r), the number of total publications (N), and the number of SRs within the overview (c). Mostly favorable evidence of effectiveness was found in a SR of social-emotional interventions for refugee and war-traumatized youth from 26 countries [36]. WHO has long recognized the link between healthand education and the potential for schools to playa central role in safeguarding student health andwell-being. The SRs were written in English and published between 2006 and 2018. The formula for the CCA is: Given the wide reach of schools [8] and the fact that school health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9], research on the effectiveness of school health services in LMIC and LIC must be prioritized in order to fulfill Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 and reach universal health coverage by 2030 [51]. Citations identified from the systematic search were uploaded to Covidence systematic review software [12] and duplicates were automatically deleted. Web Annex B. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Another important gap that this overview reveals is a lack of research on interventions carried out in LMIC and low-income countries (LIC). Table C. Calculation of corrected covered areas (CCAs). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. The authors found improvements in classroom behavior, symptoms of ODD, and symptoms of SAD [33]. Thus, responsibility for interventions may need to be redistributed in countries with limited access to health professionals. Nonetheless, these criteria were necessary to give the overview a reasonable scope. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. Leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 1019 year olds were iron deficiency anemia, road injury, depressive disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases [47]. Yet no SRs on vaccinations fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this overview, suggesting the need for these SRs to be conducted, focusing on whether vaccinations for this age group should be delivered as part of a school health service or not, rather than on whether the vaccination per se is effective. e0212603. Gold and colleagues assessed daily music therapy as an intervention to improve verbal and gestural communicative skills and reduce behavioral problems in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23]. methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex C. Systematic overview of systematic reviews of comprehensive school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex D. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: methodology, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex E. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: evidence summaries, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex F. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: GRADE evidence profiles and evidence-to-decision table, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex G. Survey of expert opinion on school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO resources, Maternal, Newborn, Child & Adolescent Health & Ageing. Each of these three assessment tools allows users to analyze the comprehensiveness of the policies, programs, and infrastructure in place to address student and staff health. To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. This SR did not discuss the quality or risk of bias of included studies [35]. We are also grateful for advice from the WHO school health services guideline Steering Group and Guideline Development Group members. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Eleven SRs included studies located in countries with high-income or upper-middle income economies only [19,20,2325,2933,37,38,39]. Framework for 21st Century School Nursing Practice, Call for Conference Presentation Submissions, NCPD Contact Hours Certificates and Transcripts, Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy, Healthcare Information and Management Systems. Meaningful use (MU) of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is an important development in the safety and security of health care delivery in the United States. The most promising evidence from a SR was on topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25], although the necessity of this intervention may be questioned where flouridated commerical toothpaste is readily available. Outcome measures were collected from included studies. Information from school health records will show proof of student health issues that ought to be self-addressed. Systematic reviews of intervention studies that evaluated school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider were included. This article theoretically debated the role school record to effective educational management, the importance of keeping records in school, types of school records, and characteristics of .