Kent, D., and P. Smith (2001). But see Weiss and Freels (1996) for a contrary finding that aggressive traffic enforcement produced no reduction in robbery or auto theft. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13(3):189-198. It's one thing to realize a quick dramatic decrease in some types of offenses, but if that's at the cost of creating great antagonism toward the police on the part of youth and future generations, then police departments are going to have to deal with the consequences of that hostility.25, But loss of public support is not inevitable. Of course, drug stashes are vulnerable to theft and police confiscation. CeaseFire uses prevention, intervention and community-mobilization strategies to reduce shootings and killings. Evaluations of police operations are always complicated. The initial evaluation of Operation Ceasefire in Boston, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) in the 1990s, used a quasi-experimental design to compare youth homicide trends in that city with trends in other major U.S. cities and in other large cities of New England. The Operation Ceasefire entailed deterrence aimed at the group itself, not individuals. Poorly planned, ill-conceived, and improperly managed crackdowns, intended merely as a show of police force and resolve, can create more problems than they solve. Police also posted fliers on storefronts, on electrical boxes, on planters, on windows, at bus stops, and in places identified as drug-dealing sites. Braga , A., D. Weisburd, E. Waring, L. Green Mazerolle, and F. Gajewski (1999). CeaseFire: A Public Health Approach to Reduce Shootings and Killings Reducing gun violence: Evaluation of the Indianapolis Police Departments directed patrol project. reduced number of target offenses in the target area; reduced severity of harm caused by target offenses in the target area; absence of evidence that the problem has merely moved to another location, with no net benefit to the community; evidence that the crackdown has the support of the general public and the communities it most directly affects, or at a minimum, evidence that the crackdown has not seriously compromised public support for the police; increased sense of safety felt by the general public and the communities the problem most directly affects; increased perception of people directly affected by the problem that the situation has improved; absence of evidence that the crackdown undermined the integrity of the criminal justice system (e.g., poor-quality arrests, as shown by low prosecution and conviction rates; high levels of citizen complaints and lawsuits against police); and. Among them are zero tolerance and sweeps . [Full text], Kennedy, D., A. Braga, A. Piehl, and E. Waring (2001). In addition to taking more enforcement actions, officers might also be encouraged to apply the principles of problem-oriented policing or situational crime prevention as circumstances warrant.5, Specific actions officers might take as part of a crackdown include. Thousand Oaks , Calif. : Sage. Police Foundation (1982). For more on the risks of and alternatives to zero tolerance, see our guide to that strategy. D The U.S. Attorney plays an integral role in the program. Smith, R. (2001). Operation Ceasefire was first implemented in May 1996 as a coordinated, citywide strategy aimed at deterring juvenile and gang firearm violence. Tip: In the example case studies, the involvement of older syndicate members was intended to create peer pressure on high-risk members to desist from engaging in violence. ), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd ed.). Rosen, M.S. The specific format was designed for interventions with the members of multiple gangs, or of a specified gang collectively, but can also be tailored to individuals. As Lawrence Sherman noted in his review of crackdowns, [I]t is possible for well-intentioned efforts to make things worse.16, Short-term impact. Sampson and Cohen (1988); Wilson and Boland (1978). San Jose: (408) 535-5061. This initiative was not a conventional crackdown in that it had many elements to it and was highly focused on known offenders, but clear threats of enhanced enforcement were communicated to target offenders, and in some cases carried out. London : Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. Squads of officers began to systematically arrest drug users who loitered on University Avenue and who facilitated the drug market. In N. La Vigne and J. Wartell (eds. Three P's Project: Pimps, Prostitutes, and Pushers, Tucson Police "Attacking Crime: Policing and Crime Control." For further information on reducing gun-related crime, see the problem-specific guide on Gun Violence Among Serious Youth Offenders [Full text]. Closing the Market: Controlling the Drug Trade in Tampa , Fla . Novak et al. Consequently, it is important that you develop a solid understanding of the market's dynamics before choosing your tactics. Braga, Anthony A., and David L. Weisburd, "The Effects of Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence,", Braga, Anthony A., and David L. Weisburd, "Focused Deterrence and the Prevention of Violent Gun Injuries: Practice, Theoretical Principles, and Scientific Evidence,", Braga, Anthony A., David L. Weisburd, and Brandon Turchan, "Focused Deterrence Strategies and Crime Control: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence,". Aggressive Cars and Trucks (TACT), West LA The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment is a well-known example of a crackdown that emphasized police visibility only. (PDF) Systematic Review of the Effects of "Pulling Levers" Focused Those who applied and were eligible were put on drug court probation. False Alarm Solution: Verified Response [Goldstein